Training:Trunks
Training – Basic Trunking
Basic Trunking
Trunking refers to the interconnection between your PBX and the provider to which the PBX is connected for PSTN interface.
There are two types of trunk interfaces:
1. Analog
2. Digital
There are two types of Digital interfaces:
1. PRI/T-1
2. SIP
When considering Digital connections; PRI requires a hardware board be installed into the IP PBX chassis. SIP does not.
When using analog lines (quasi “trunks”); hardware is always required.
Analog Lines (loosely referred to as Analog Trunks)
Analog is a necessary evil in telephony today due to 100+ years of deployed analog circuits. The service provider of analog circuits is most commonly referred to as the Central Office or CO. A Central Office is really an Exchange. By comparison the IPitomy PBX is a "Private Branch Exchange" (PBX). Maybe you can see already that the trunking connectivity best suited to facilitate the Private Branch eXchange will be that connection most similar to the connection between inter-CO eXchanges: digital TRUNKS.
Analog lines from the CO are the point of entry to the PSTN for many small businesses. An analog line is most similar to the line used to provide service to any telephone company subscriber. In the pictures notice that the lines are terminated in a very similar fashion. These lines are usually referred to as POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) lines.
For many years small businesses have deployed telephone systems called Key Systems which were used to distribute the analog lines onto each desktop for the people of the small business to interact more easily with callers. This solution in some ways has become a crutch for businesses to squeeze all that they can out of their line subscription. It is however inefficient due to the limitation of the "line" circuit, signal loss and limited feature capability and this approach is increasingly problematic.
Analog lines in their original form were extended from the Branch Office to the customer point of presence on copper wires. Today these copper wires are over-utilized by pair-gain devices used to extend and expand call capacity over the same wires. The result is multiple conversions of analog to an early digital signal using concentrators and multiplexers.
IPitomy cannot in good conscience recommend analog lines. Analog lines are usually only required when the end user application requires very few connections to the CO and/or they are unwillingly to invest in better communications for their business.
When analog lines are used there two ways to interface them into the IP platform:
· Hardware interface board – classified PSTN Interfaces
· PSTN Gateways
In either case the need of proper CO line conditions is paramount in achieving acceptable results. We found a very good website for preparing for connection to PSTN CO lines at:
use the chart on this site at: http://www.sandman.com/loop.html
to assure that your CO lines are within the required specifications. We know that PSTN Gateways and interface boards only perform optimally when the CO Lines are at the desired levels.
Ongoing Maintenance and testing
IPitomy wants to make sure that you are aware, when you deploy analog "trunks" be prepared for ongoing maintenance and testing. Be ready to fill out the Sandman chart again-and-again.
Digital Trunks
When using digital trunks; hardware is only necessary when using PRI / T-1 circuits.
PRI
IPitomy recommends the use of PRI as the “go-to” interface to the PSTN. If your customer demands the best performance with high-functionality, PRI is the only choice. PRI circuits have the added advantage of being a guaranteed service – this means that although the bandwidth is limited (by todays norm) to 1.54Mbps, it will be guaranteed at that level from the service provider. This is not the case with other bandwidth service providers.
PRI Advantages are:
- Digital connection
- Industry Proven technology and performance
- DID available at very competitive rates
- Guaranteed service delivery
- Some providers allow custom Caller ID feature functions
- 23 talk paths (inbound and outbound use)
PRI Disadvantages:
- Traditional telephony costs (which have a cost – break-even point compared to their PSTN counterpart, the undesirable POTS lines)
- Some providers do not allow use of some of the features that are available to an IP PBX user. These are:
- Custom Caller ID on outbound calls
SIP Trunks
When you consider the use of SIP trunks, we want you to know that IPitomy fully embraces SIP technology. IPitomy is built on this technology which has become the most widely adopted VoIP protocol in the industry. However SIP on the LAN is much different than SIP trunks.
The conditions of the LAN can be controlled and optimized.
SIP trunks are subject to the conditions of the WAN which are out of IPitomy’s and your control.
SIP Trunks are digital and usually allow for all features available in IP (this can only be limited by the selected provider).
The Advantages of SIP trunks are:
· Digital Connection
· Most competitive connection to telephony services and PSTN
· DID available – often at competitive rates
· Custom Caller ID possible in most cases
· No hardware required – SIP is a software only solution
SIP Disadvantages:
· Service delivery not guaranteed
· Call quality subject to fluctuating conditions on the WAN
o Represent this solution as that comparable to the service one might expect while using a cell phone – some calls are excellent, others are not.
· Requires you to be prepared in terms of broadband services available at the point of presence.
o Test broadband connection for true-to-life conditions that might be expected when SIP trunks are deployed.
FAX
Unfortunately there was a technology developed call facsimile. It was great when developed – now it’s a nuisance. Plainly stated this technology works best on POTS lines.
Not even PRI can support the use of fax as well as a POTS line because the technology was made for use on POTS lines as a transport.
If you think about the Rube Goldberg POTS line model, a fax machine adds yet another layer of undesired conversion to the model. When this is applied to SIP or PRI the over-use scenario is exasperated again.
Our recommendation for successful FAX deployment is to retain one analog circuit to be used solely for facsimile use.